INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Communication (from Latin “communis“, meaning to share) is the activity of conveying informationthrough the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior1
. It can also be defined as the “process of creating meaning.”1
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) Code of Ethics outlines expectations for good communication practices in medical imaging2
. Effective verbal communication is an absolute necessity at every stage in radiographic examination. Verbal communication, good or bad, affects in opposite ways and it has an immense potential for influencing the use of healthcare resources and finances on a grand scale.1
When surveyed, healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses, radiographers) cite “lack of time” as the chief reason for not talking more to patients. However, researchers have found that professionals who verbally communicate effectively with their patient spend no more time, per patient, than those professionals who report feeling “too rushed to spend time talking3
”. Some studies have shown that total examination time actually decreased as verbal communication increased.3
Health outcomes also depend on the extent to which patients adhere to the procedures being explained to them.Effective verbal communication includes the display of professional conduct, an attitude of respect toward other professionals and the patient and the responsibility to act as a patient advocate through all aspects of the patient’s care. Radiographers are frequently responsible for acting as patient advocates, taking patient histories, providing instructions for fasting before contrast studies and explaining post examination care clearly in a way and language the patient will understand.4
Thus, it is important that Radiographers give explicit instructions, answer questions promptly and completely, coordinate patient care efficiently and work together with the patient. This responsibility includes being thorough in their questioning and ensuring the patient understands all instructions. Meyer3
suggested asking specific instead of general questions, such as “Are you taking any prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications or any herbal supplements?” instead of “Are you taking any drugs?” When a patient is unable to answer questions or comprehend instructions, the patient’s family or guardian should be involved in both the history-taking and the decision-making processes. By encouraging family participation, feelings of stress and frustration toward staff are reduced and system dysfunction is less frequent. Like anyone else, radiographers can be unhappy, short-tempered, rushed and interrupted, ignorant on some subjects, or charmless.Evidence is that healthcare fails without a conscious informed effort of communication which is the personal and professional responsibility of everyone concerned with the care of the sick.3
Improved communication between patient and healthcare providers results in patients who are happier with their overall healthcare experience. 5-9
Patients want to play an active role in discussing their treatment, and they want to understand the benefits of different diagnostic and therapeutic options. They need to have their questions answered. 10
Although research has been conducted on the attitudes of radiographers towards their patients, but no research has been done on effective verbal communication especially in Enugu metropolis. This study aimed to assess the level of verbal communication between radiographers and patients, to identify barriers to effective verbal communication and patient’s reaction to towards effective verbal communication.
1.1STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.2PURPOSE OF STUDY
1.3SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1.4SCOPE OF STUDY
Scope of study will consist of radiographers and patients who were referred from wards, clinics and casualty department, emergency department in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital ItukuOzalla, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu for routine radiographic examinations.
1.5RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Ehrlich, McCloskey and Daly 1 11
The investigative team of Hicksonet al 12 4,7,9,12
The first study by Entmanet al 9 9 13 14
12
demonstrates that a breakdown in communication between patients and their healthcare professionals is a critical factor that leads patients to seek malpractice litigationIn fact, many true injuries to patients occur because of genuine medical negligence, yet patients do not seek compensation. According to the research of the Harvard Medical Practice Study, approximately 1% of hospitalized patients suffer a significant injury due to negligence, yet less than 3% of these patients or their families initiate a malpractice claim.15,16
Although it is assumed that radiographers conform to all the rules and regulations prescribed for their profession and communicate effectively it is postulated that they are not always aware of how patients perceive their attitudes. Attitude is described as a state of mind, an opinion or a feeling, often revealed by kinesic expression, tone of voice or other nonverbal signs. 17 18 19 19
20
stated that “Inadequate communication between patients and their physicians is enormous and still yet to grow”. He also noted that failed communication was the leading cause in more than 25% of cases. Patient trust starts with the way the radiographer’s relates to his or her patients. If the visit with the radiographer is harried, questions will not be answered, patient comfort will not be achieved, and trust is diminished. Good verbal communication between patient and radiographer is necessary not only to avoid complaints and reduce the risk of litigation but as a part of the healing process. The vulnerability of patients and their need for care force them to trust radiographer. If this trust is to increase, it must be an interactive process and requires care, concern, and compassion from the radiographer. Robert .S. Sherman et al21
noted that “ proper diagnosis and effective communication has to be made to achieve a successful result”. Patients care and management especially when radiological examination is needed.kritenshiKaushal et al22
at C.W.M.H Radiology Department of Fiji where he discovered that the procedure is explained by 28% of the radiographers. While staffing shortages and inadequate resources and facilities for biomedical care are commonly cited as causes of discontent amongst clinicians of all kinds, it is the quality of their relationships with their patients and colleagues which is the most reliable global indicator of clinician satisfaction and happiness. Radiographers have a very high incidence of occupational morbidity, a major source of which is seen to be due to difficulties with personal relationships including radiographer patient relationships.