1.0 Background of Study
The Medical field is a wide field comprising of all health care providers. All the various health care providers work together to restore the health of the patient. It is therefore pertinent for health care personnel to at least be well skilled in management of emergencies which they find in their hands in the course of their daily duty especially unconscious patients, who they may incidentally encounter.
Medical Radiography, which is known as the ‘eye of medicine’ is a part of this group which specializes in providing patient care through the use of radiographic and/or fluoroscopic equipments with other imaging modalities, like ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging etc. As health care providers, it is imperative that the patients comfort, privacy as well as safety are guaranteed during the procedures.
In events of emergencies in the department, it is also the responsibility of the radiographer to institute acute management of such patients until more specialized care is available.
Emergency procedures are common recurrences in the x-ray department. Even apparently simple procedures may be fraught with dangerous risks. This is typified in the administration of sedatives during procedures whose careful monitoring and registered nursing support is essential1
in this case, where nursing support is absent, the onus is on the radiographer to execute these tasks.Therefore, as the role of the radiographer continues evolving from being primarily a diagnostician as more patients are being referred fro interventional procedures, it is expected that the radiographer, in addition to having professional autonomy and acceptability, also acquiresadequate resuscitation skills.
The emphasis is on knowledge and assessment of an unconscious patient as well as institution of basic life support also known as primary survey until the casualty team arrives.
It is also imperative to know common causes of loss of consciousness in the department and risk factors for these with the aim of preventing them.
In the past, very little effort has been made to train physiotherapists, radiographers and other paramedical officers in the art of basic life support. This has a negative impact on patients’ care as preventable deaths are allowed. Ideally, any hospital worker should be able to provide basic life support. However, where impossible, the officers that directly relate with the patients ought to be taught these skills and such department ought to be provided with cost – effective resuscitation equipment.
Although death is not common in the radiology department, alertness shows measurable correlation with the efficiency of a hospital.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The radiographer encounter on a daily basis, patients prone to seizures, panic attacks, various maneuver, related syncopes, as wellas those with hypoglycemia and cardiac diseases which are important risk factors for loss of consciousness (LOC).
Therefore, there is need to assess their knowledge of proper control in such situations.
1.3 Purpose of Study
To evaluate the knowledge and responses of radiographers tounconscious patients during radiological examination.
1.4 Specific Objectives
1.5 Significance of Study
The research will
1.6 Definition of Terms
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. Gradation of consciousness vary from normal alertness to drowsiness, stupor and coma. In the drowsy patient, there is slight blurring of consciousness from which the patient is easily rousable. Stupor is a state of unconsciousness from which a patient can be roused on vigorous external stimulation. In coma, the patient is completelyunrousable and unresponsive to all external stimuli.Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a reproducible score that describes state of consciousness in terms of three categories of performance: eye openings to command, verbal responses and motor responses.
This is as follows:
Eye – opening
Best verbal response
Best motor response
Spontaneous – 4
Fully alert & oriented – 5
Obeys command 6
To speech 3
Confused – 4
Localizes pain – 5
To pain – 2
Inappropriate – 3
Normal withdrawal –
No response – 1
Incomprehensible – 2
Abnormal flexion (decorticate) – 3
No response – 1
No response 1
A normal extension (decerebrate) -2 No response – 1
Maximum score is 15, minimum score is 3
GCS ? 8 indicates with low level of consciousness
GCS – 9 12 indicatesmoderate consciousness
GCS – 13 – 15 indicates optimal consciousness
An abbreviated coma scale, AVPU, is sometimes used in initial assessment of the critically ill:
A – Alert
V – Response to vocal stimuli
P – Response to pain
U – Unresponsive
Causes of loss of consciousness in the Radiology Department it is important to note that there are multiple risk factors for loss of consciousness in the radiology department, these may be indirectcauses which include.
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. This includes:Plus Cervical Assess the airway. Do a jaw thrust or heat titl to
Spine maintain patency. Neck should be immobilized to
Protection prevent spinal cord injury by longitudinal manual support
before turning patient to side.
B: Breathing: If patient is cyanosed or apenic after airway has been cleared, mouth to mouth resuscitation should be started. If oxygen is available, ventiulate with 100%0
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.C: Circulation: Assess circulation. Check pulse. If pulseless, start external cardiac massage. Also known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, this is part of the technique to manually stimulate the heart and assist its pumping action. It involves compressive force over the lower sternum with the heels of the hands placed one on top of the others, directing the weight of the body through the verticalstraight arm. Depth of compression is usually 5-6cm and rate is 100 – 120/min at the ratio of 30 chest compression to 2 ventilations orbreath for 5 cycles. After which BLS protocol is repeated from the beginning if CPR failed.
D –Disability: Assess responsiveness rapidly with AVPU.
E – Exposure: Do a head – to toe examination.
Obtaining the history of the condition is helpful but must not interfererwith the initial rapid clinical assessment and resuscitation.